Achondroplasia

Achondroplasia is a disorder of bone growth that causes the most common form of dwarfism. It is characterised by a trunk of normal length, short broad limbs, an enlarged skull, small face and flatt

Algodystrophy/reflex sympathetic dystrophy/complex regional pain syndrome type 1

Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (formerly reflex sympathetic dystrophy) is a somewhat controversial and poorly understood condition that can occur following some form of injury, usually to a han

Ankylosing Spondylitis

[[Anim 156]] Ankylosing Spondylitis is a generalised chronic inflammatory disease, mainly affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints. It is characterised by pain or sti

Avascular necrosis (AVN, osteonecrosis, aseptic necrosis, ischemic necrosis, femoral head necrosis)

Avascular necrosis (AVN) is cellular death of the components of bone, including the bone marrow, due to the impairmen

Bone Cancer (Chondrosarcoma of Cartilage)

Chondosarcoma of Cartilage is characterised by one or more tumours of the cartilage. Cartilage is a highly specialised avascular form of connective tissue. It consists of chondrocytes and the extr

Carpal tunnel syndrome

[[Anim 16]] Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common painful disorder caused by compression of the median nerve within the wrist. "Carpal tunnel syndrome" is

Cervical dysfunction

Cervical spine dysfunction is a cause of neck pain. The cause for it is believed to be a disorder (most likely malalignment) of the pain-sensitive facet joints (which

Cervical Spondylosis

Cervical Spondylosis is the most common disorder of the cervical spine. It is caused by degenerative changes in the vertebrae and intervertebral discs that occur as a result of ageing or due to injury

Chronic Pain Syndrome

Chronic pain syndrome encompasses any pain that persists longer than the reasonable expected healing time for the involved tissues. The duration of

Dental Caries

[[Anim 49]] Dental caries is an infectious disease that can lead to cavities (small holes) in the

Dental Pain

Dental pain or toothache is simply defined as an uncomfortable sensation related to the teeth or surrounding structures.

Developmental Bone Birth Defect (Achondrogenesis)

Achondrogenesis is a kind of birth defect in the development of bone and cartilage, and is thought to be inherited.

Endochondroma (chondroma, Ollier's disease)

Chondroma is a benign (does not spread throughout body) tumour of cartilage. When chondromas form within the medullary cavity within the bone they are called endochondromas. Olliers disease is a syndr

Ewings Sarcoma

Ewings sarcoma is a primary malignant "small round cell" tumour of bone. The small cells that make up the tumour resemble those of lymphoma or neuroblastoma, and current evidence suggests that the tum

Fibrous Dysplasia (Inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia; Idiopathic fibrous hyperplasia )

Fibrous dysplasia is a chronic disorder of the skeleton that causes the expansion of one or more bones due to the abnormal development of the fibrous, or connective tissue within the bone.

Frozen Shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)

[[Anim 228]] The term frozen shoulder is often used to describe situations where the shoulder is working at less than its optimal range of motion. The correct term for this condition is 'adhe

Herniated nucleus pulposus (slipped disc; Lumbar radiculopathy; Cervical radiculopathy; Herniated intervertebral disc; Prolapsed intervertebral disc; Ruptured disc)

[[Anim 27]] A slipped disc, or herniated nucleus pulposus, is a condition in which part or all of the soft, gelatinous central portion of an intervertebr

Hip pain

Hip:The part of the body anatomically referred to as the 'hip joint' is where the upper part of the femur (the thigh bone) attaches to the pelvis (acetabulum). When patients complain of hip pain,

Hypophosphatasia

Hypophosphatasia is one of several disorders that resembles osteogenesis imperfecta. It is an inherited metabolic (chemical) bone disease that results from low levels of an enzyme called alkaline phos

Knee Pain

[[Anim 79]] Knee pain can result from injuries to the knee or hip. The knee joint is composed of three articulating bones - the femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone) and patella (knee

Kyphosis (Scheuermann's disease; Roundback; Hunchback; Postural kyphosis)

Kyphosis is a curvature of the spine that develops into a bowing of the back, which leads to a 'hunchback' or slouching posture.

Lupus - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

[[Anim 75]] Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that may affect many organ systems within the body. In particular it is associated wi

Medial epicondylitis (medial tennis elbow, Golfer's elbow)

Tennis elbow is an overload or overuse condition in which the muscles of the forearm are affected - in particular the muscles that flex the wrist - the 'forehand' muscles in tennis or the muscles of t

Metastases to the Bone

Metastases is the term used to describe the spread of cancer from its site of origin to another location in the body. Bone is one of the most common locations in the body to which cancer metastasises.

Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)

Microscopic polyangiitis is characterized by pauci-immune, necrotizing, small-vessel vasculitis without clinical or pathological evidence of necrotizing granulomatous inflammation.

Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia (MED)

Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a rare genetic condition that affects the "growing portion" or head of the long bones. It belongs to a group of disorders called osteochondrodysplasias that resu

Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow.

Muscular Dystrophy

Virtual Medical Centre Video

Neck pain

[[Anim 166]] Neck pain can present in any of the seven cervical vertebrae (back bones) connecting the base of skull to the thoracic cage. As well as the cervical spine, muscles, ligaments, and soft ti

Osgood-Schlatter (OS) disease

Osgood-Schlatter disease is a common cause for anterior knee pain in adolescents. It is a painful swelling of the bump on the front of the upper tibia (the shin bone) in an area of the tibia called th

Osteitis fibrosa (Osteitis fibrosa cystica)

Osteitis fibrosa is a complication of hyperparathyroidism (excess parathryroid hormone production) in which bone is softened, deformed and has the potential to devel

Osteoarthritis

Osteogenesis imperfecta (Brittle bone disease)

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is one of the most common inherited bone disorders. The disease typically involves the bones, teeth, ligaments, eyes and skin, and is characterised by fragile bones

Osteomalacia

Osteomalacia is the adult counterpart of rickets in children. Both of these conditions are caused by a defect in vitamin D availability or metabolism. Osteomalacia is characterised by poor bone format

Osteomyelitis (Acute and Chronic)

Osteomyelitis occurs when the bone becomes infected; pus is produced within the bone, which may result in an abscess. The abscess then starves the bone of its blood supply. In children, the long bo

Osteoporosis

[[Anim 8]] Osteoporosis is characterised by reduced bone mass and deterioration of bone architecture, resulting in bone fragility and subsequently inc

Ototoxicity

Ototoxicity refers to drug or chemical-related damage to the inner ear resulting in impairment

Paget's Disease (osteitis deformans)

Paget's disease is a disorder of bone remodelling, resulting in enlarged and thickened bone that is structurally abnormal and brittle. This leads to bone pain, fractur

Renal Bone disease (Renal Osteodystrophy)

Renal Bone Disease occurs due to poor renal function. Poor renal function leads to low blood calcium as the kidney is responsible for both vitamin D metabolism and calcium reabsorption from the glomer

Rheumatoid Arthritis

[[Anim 231]] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease in which the joints in the body become inflamed. RA is the mos

Rickets

Rickets is a childhood afflicition of what is commonly known in adults as Osteomalacia. It is primarily caused by lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate.

Scoliosis (Spinal curvature; Kyphoscoliosis)

[[Anim 152]] Scoliosis is the term given to a lateral (away from the middle) or sideways curvature of the spine.

Spina Bifida

Spina Bifida refers to a birth defect resulting in malformations of the spinal cord, caused by the incomplete closure of a vertebral arch during development. It forms a part of the broad complex know

Sudeck's atrophy (Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, Complex regional pain syndrome 1)(Complex regional pain syndrome (Sudeck's atrophy, Reflex sympathetic dystrophy))

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome or Sudeck's atrophy involves a disturbance in the sympathetic nervous system. The latter is the the network of nerves that controls many bodily functions - and in

Supraspinatus tendinitis (painful arc syndrome)

Supraspinatus tendinitis or painful arc syndrome occurs in the shoulder. The shoulder joint owes its stability to the 'rotator cuff' muscles - which are four small muscles located around the shoul

Systemic Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)

Scleroderma is a disorder with an unknown cause. It is characterized by thickening of the skin due to extra tissue being deposited within it. The excess tissue is called connective tissue, connecti

Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

[[Anim 124]] Tennis elbow is an overload or overuse condition in which the muscles of the forearm are affected - in particular the muscles that extend the wrist - the 'backhand' muscles. Although

Thoracic back pain (upper vertebral fractures/pain)

Thoracic back pain occurs within the backbone. The backbone (or vertebral column) is composed of 32 vertebrae - 7 cervical (neck), 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3 coccygeal. The 12 thoracic

Wegener's Granulomatosis

Wegener's Granulomatosis is a disease where the blood vessels are inflamed. This is called vasculitis. This inflammation causes damage to the organs of the body by decreasing their blood flow, which d

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Virtual Bone Centre Full Disease List